English Apocalypse — All 124 Slides

SURVIVE THE ENGLISH APOCALYPSE. CONTENT WORDS vs FUNCTION WORDS

WARNING。英語の世界は例外だらけです。

「副詞なのになぜ目立たないの!?」「内容語なのに強勢がない!?」「さっきのルールと違う!?」

英語話者は100%ルール通りには話してくれません。100%当てようとしなくていい。

今回学ぶルールは、「法律」ではない。生存率を上げるための武器。

１つの武器として「内容語」と「機能語」の見極め方をお伝えします

Are you ready? 本日のレッスン、スタートだ

ZONE 1: THE SAFE HOUSE。内容語と機能語ってなんだった？

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. 持ち出せるのは６つの単語だけ。どれを選ぶ？

Nina / decided / cook / Italian / dinner / friend。料理人が「この６つを選んだだろうか・・・？」と呼びかける。

内容語は映像が浮かぶ / Nina / decided / cook / Italian / dinner / friend

to    an    for    her / 選ばなかったこれらの単語は / 単体だと絵が思い浮かばない・・・

基本的に映像がイメージできない / 単語たちは機能語と呼ばれる / to / an / for / her / は弱く読まれる機能語だ

本日は / 「内容語」と「機能語」 / この２つの理解を深めよう

まずは「内容語」 / ３つの武器を手に入れよう / 1 : NOUN / 2 : MAIN VERB / 3 : DESCRIPTION

01 名詞 / NOUN / 人・もの・場所・こと / friend    dinner    apartment / camera    blood    jacket / 基本は内容語

SCAN THE AREA / 名詞だけを探せ。 / Maria    her    apartment    at / camera    the    statement    you

SCAN THE AREA / この４つが名詞だな / Maria / apartment / camera / statement

MISSION / 名詞を探し出せ

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. / She cut an onion and added it to a hot pan.

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. / She cut an onion and added it to a hot pan. / 名詞：Nina, dinner, friend, onion, pan

Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / She mixed it all together with garlic and herbs.

Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / She mixed it all together with garlic and herbs. / 名詞：can, tomatoes, garlic, herbs

While the sauce was cooking, she put a pot of water on the stove. / Her friend arrived and asked, “What are you making?”

While the sauce was cooking, she put a pot of water on the stove. / Her friend arrived and asked, “What are you making?” / 名詞：sauce, pot, water, stove, friend

Nina said, “Pasta, but would you like to help?” / Her friend washed the vegetables and cut them up.

Nina said, “Pasta, but would you like to help?” / Her friend washed the vegetables and cut them up. / 名詞：Nina, Pasta, friend, vegetables

They ate at the kitchen table and talked for hours. / The meal was simple, but it tasted amazing.

They ate at the kitchen table and talked for hours. / The meal was simple, but it tasted amazing. / 名詞：kitchen, table, hours, meal

#2 / MAIN VERB / 実際に何をしている？ / cook    cut    wait / shout    lie    hurt / 基本は内容語 / （本）動詞

本動詞を探せ / Nina cooked a meal.

答えはこれだ！ / Nina cooked a meal. / 全動詞をゴールド：cooked

本動詞を探せ / Nina cooked a meal that tasted great.

答えはこれだ！ / Nina cooked a meal that tasted great. / 全動詞をゴールド：cooked, tasted

本動詞を探せ / Nina cooked a meal that tasted great and smelled amazing.

答えはこれだ！ / Nina cooked a meal that tasted great and smelled amazing. / 全動詞をゴールド：cooked, tasted, smelled

本動詞を探せ / After she got home, Nina cooked a meal that tasted great and smelled amazing.

答えはこれだ！ / After she got home, Nina cooked a meal that tasted great and smelled amazing. / 全動詞をゴールド：got, cooked, tasted, smelled

本動詞を探せ / After she got home from work, Nina cooked a meal that tasted great and smelled amazing.

答えはこれだ！ / After she got home from work, Nina cooked a meal that tasted great and smelled amazing. / 全動詞をゴールド：got, cooked, tasted, smelled

WEAPON 03 / DESCRIPTION / どんな？　どう？　いつ？　何回？ / 形容詞 / 副詞 / 基本は内容語

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. / She cut an onion and added it to a hot pan.

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. / She cut an onion and added it to a hot pan. / 該当語：Italian, hot

Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / She mixed it all together with garlic and herbs.

Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / She mixed it all together with garlic and herbs. / 該当語：Then, together

Thenは副詞だが、つなぎ語として使われるため目立たないことが多い！ / Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / 例外がいっぱいある世界だ。セオリーを覚えた上で少しずつ覚えていこう

While the sauce was cooking, she put a pot of water on the stove. / Her friend arrived and asked, “What are you making?”

While the sauce was cooking, she put a pot of water on the stove. / Her friend arrived and asked, “What are you making?” / 該当語：なし

Nina said, “Pasta, but would you like to help?” / Her friend washed the vegetables and cut them up.

Nina said, “Pasta, but would you like to help?” / Her friend washed the vegetables and cut them up. / 該当語：up / up : 句動詞（phrasal verb）の一部

句動詞（phrasal verb）に関するルールは、今後の発音レッスンでも登場予定！ / 今は「副詞」だから内容語という理解で大丈夫🧟‍♀️

They ate at the kitchen table and talked for hours. / The meal was simple, but it tasted amazing.

They ate at the kitchen table and talked for hours. / The meal was simple, but it tasted amazing. / 該当語：simple, amazing

1 : 名詞 / 2 : （本）動詞 / 3 : 形容詞 / 4 : 副詞 / は文の中で目立つことが多い - 代表的な内容語だ

この４つの他には / 疑問詞（what, howなど） / 指示代名詞（that, this） / も内容語となるので合わせて覚えておこう

MISSION / 次の文の内容語を見つけよ

What?! No! I loved Maria. I would never hurt her!

What?! No! I loved Maria. I would never hurt her! / 強調：What, No, loved, Maria, never, hurt

What?! No! I loved Maria. I would never hurt her! / 疑問詞: what / 副詞: No!・Never / 動詞: loved・hurt / 名詞: Maria / No! と Never はこのスライドでは副詞

ここまで「内容語」の武器を授けてきたが / ここからは「機能語」についても解説していく

つなぎ言葉 / CONNECTION / 冠詞： a / an / the / 代名詞： she / her / you / 前置詞： to / for / at / 接続詞： and / because / 基本は機能語

MISSION / 機能語を見つけ出せ

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. / She cut an onion and added it to a hot pan.

Nina decided to cook an Italian dinner for her friend. / She cut an onion and added it to a hot pan. / 機能語：to, an, for, her ; She, an, and, it, to, a

Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / She mixed it all together with garlic and herbs.

Then she opened a can of tomatoes. / She mixed it all together with garlic and herbs. / 機能語：she, a, of ; She, it, with, and

While the sauce was cooking, she put a pot of water on the stove. / Her friend arrived and asked, “What are you making?”

While the sauce was cooking, she put a pot of water on the stove. / Her friend arrived and asked, “What are you making?” / 機能語：While, the, was, she, a, of, on, the ; Her, and, are, you

Nina said, “Pasta, but would you like to help?” / Her friend washed the vegetables and cut them up.

Nina said, “Pasta, but would you like to help?” / Her friend washed the vegetables and cut them up. / 機能語：but, would, you, to ; Her, the, and, them

They ate at the kitchen table and talked for hours. / The meal was simple, but it tasted amazing.

They ate at the kitchen table and talked for hours. / The meal was simple, but it tasted amazing. / 機能語：They, at, the, and, for ; The, was, but, it

内容語：名詞、（本）動詞、形容詞、副詞、疑問詞（what / how）、指示代名詞（this / that） / 機能語：冠詞（a / an / the）、人称代名詞（she / her / you）、前置詞（to / for / at）、接続詞（and / because）、助動詞（was / would） / 今回はこれらの品詞を確認しました

ZONE 2 / THE WASTELAND / 安全地帯を飛び出せ

文によっては内容語だが / 別の文では機能語になっている / そんなトリッキーな奴らを / これらから確認していくぞ

I have a car. / I have finished my homework. / 同じhaveだけど、役割も同じ？

have a car / 本動詞 = 内容語 / have finished / 助動詞 = 機能語

I do my homework. / Do you know Maria? / それぞれdoはどんな仕事をしている？

I do my homework. / 本動詞 = 内容語 / Do you know Maria? / 助動詞 = 機能語

同じ単語でも / 文脈によって / 目立ち具合は異なる / ↓ / 「伝えたいメッセージは何か」 / を考えることが大切だ

SURVIVAL PROCEDURE / 1  Main Verb / 2  Noun / 3  Adjective / Adverb / 4  残りの仕事を見る / Content / Function を判断

Nina decided to cook / an Italian dinner / for her friend. / Main Verb / Content / Function を考えよう。

CONTENT / Nina / decided / cook / Italian / dinner / friend / FUNCTION / to / an / for / her

She cut an onion / and added it to a hot pan. / 15秒で Content Words を探せ。

CONTENT / cut / onion / added / hot / pan / FUNCTION / She / an / and / it / to / a

While the sauce was cooking, / she put a pot of water / on the stove. / Main Verb → Noun → Function

CONTENT / sauce / cooking / put / pot / water / stove / FUNCTION / While / the / was / she / a / of / on / the / was = Helping Verb

Her friend washed the vegetables / and cut them up. / up は Function？

NOT SO FAST. / cut / cut up / 小さい単語でも、意味の一部になる。

RULES HELP YOU GUESS. / CONTEXT HELPS YOU DECIDE. / ルールで予測し、文脈で判断する。

ZONE 7 / ABANDONED / POLICE STATION / CASE FILE: MARIA

I waited in the car. / I never went inside. / 意味を運ぶ単語だけ残せ。

waited / car / never / went / inside / never = Adverb / 基本は CONTENT

You arrived at her apartment / at eleven o’clock. / Content / Function を判断しよう。

You looked at the camera twice / before you walked across / the parking lot. / Main Verb → Noun → Adverb → Function

Then explain why your blood / was found on her jacket. / was / found / どちらが意味の中心？

I would never hurt her. / Content Words はどれ？ / A  全部 / B  would のみ / C  never・hurt / D  I・her

ANSWER: C / CONTENT / never / hurt / FUNCTION / I / would / her / would = Modal Auxiliary

THE HORDE IS COMING / SAFE ZONEまであと少し

The police have been looking / for the missing man / since Monday. / 30秒で Main Verb / Content / Function

CONTENT / police / looking / missing / man / Monday / FUNCTION / The / have / been / for / the / since / have / been = Helping Verb

FINAL BOSS 2 / Did you really leave your phone / on the train? / 自分の力で判断せよ。

YOU SURVIVED... / FOR NOW.

WHAT YOU LEARNED / CONTENT = Meaning / FUNCTION = Grammar

「内容語なのに弱い！」 / 「副詞なのに目立たない！」 / DON’T PANIC.

EIGHT’S FINAL SURVIVAL RULE / まずルールで考える。 / 違ったら、文脈を見る。 / それでも違ったら、 / 「英語ってそういうこともあるよね」で進む。 / 例外だらけの世界で、逞しく生きよう。